Bài viết hôm nay chúng tôi xin giới thiệu đến một loại câu điêu kiện đó là câu điều kiện loại 3. Khác với câu điều kiên loại 2 để diễn tả hành động sự việc trái với hiện tại, câu điều kiện loại 3 lại diễn tả mộ sự việc hành động không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ. Vậy chúng ta hãy cùng tìm hiểu khái quát câu điều kiện loại 3– Công thức, cách dùng, bài tập áp dụng của nó nhé.
Câu điều kiện LOẠI 3 [Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh cơ bản
Ý nghĩa câu điều kiện loại 3
– Câu điều kiện loại 3 là câu điều kiện trái với thực tế đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Công thức ( cấu trúc), cách dùng câu điều kiện loại 3
DF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE Past perfect (had + past participle) would have + past participle
- If it had rained, you would have gotten wet. ( Nếu trời không mưa thì anh ấy đã không bị ướt).
- You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder. ( Nếu bạn làm việc chăm chỉ thì bạn đã vượt qua kỳ thi của bạn rồi).- thực tế bạn đã bị thi trược , đó chỉ là mong muốn của bạn thôi.
*Lưu ý:
- Công thức ghi nhớ nhanh: Câu điều kiện loại 2 lùi lại một thì sẽ thành câu điều kiện loại 3. Simple Past → Past PerfectWould + V_inf → Would have + V_3/ed
- Có thể dùng “had been V_ing” thay cho “had V3/ed” để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục, lâu dài của hành động. Example: If I hadn’t been wearing the seatbelt, I would been seriously injured. (Nếu tôi không thắt dây an toàn, thì tôi chắc đã bị thương nặng) I would have believed you if you hadn’t been lying to me before. ( tôi sẽ tin bạn nếu bạn không lừa dối tôi trước đây).
- Có thể dùng “would have been V_ing” thay cho “would have V3/ed“. Example: If I had not been there, the boy would have been crying so much. ( nếu tôi không ở đây, cậu bé có thể khóc rất nhiều).
- Could have và might have cũng có thể được dùng để chỉ khả năng đã có thể xảy ra. Example: If I had had my cellphone yesterday, I could have contacted you. (Giá như hôm qua tôi cỏ đêm theo điện thoại thì tôi đã có thề liên lạc với anh.) [could have contact = would have been able to contact] We just caught the train. If we had stopped to buy a paper, we might have missed it. (Chúng ta vừa kịp tàu. Nếu như chúng ta dừng lại mua báo, thì có thể chúng ta đã bị lỡ tàu.)
- Could have và might have cũng có thể được dùng để chỉ khả năng đã có thể xảy ra. Example:If I had had my cellphone yesterday, I could have contacted you.(Giá như hôm qua tôi cỏ đêm theo điện thoại thì tôi đã có thề liên lạc với anh.)[could have contact = would have been able to contact]We just caught the train. If we had stopped to buy a paper, we might have missed it.(Chúng ta vừa kịp tàu. Nếu như chúng ta dừng lại mua báo, thì có thể chúng ta đã bị lỡ tàu.)
Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện loại 3
- Had + S + (not) + PP
Example:
If you had given me your e-mail, I would have written to you.=> Had you given me your e-mail, I would have written to you. ( bạn có đưa cho tôi email của bạn tôi sẽ viết mail gửi lại bạn)
Mệnh đề IF loại 3 được thay bằng BUT FOR/ WITHOUT/THANKS TO + N
Ý nghĩa: – But for/ without: Nếu không vì – Thanks to: Nhờ vào
Example: If he hadn’t given me the money, I wouldn’t have been able to buy the new car. (Nếu anh ta không cho chúng tôi mượn tiền, chúng tôi đã không đủ tiền xe mới). = But for/ Without his money, I wouldn’t have been able to buy the new car. = Had he not given us the money, I wouldn’t have been able to buy the new car.
Bài tập câu điều kiện loại 3
1. Bài tập hoàn thành các câu sau sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3
Ví dụ: My car was out of order. I did not drive her there. If my car had not been out of order, I would have driven her there. She did not give me her phone number. I could not call her.
If she ……………………………………… me her phone number, I could have called her. He was at work. He could not go with us. If he had not been at work, he ……………………………………… with us. My dad did not buy any sugar. My mum did not make any cake. If my dad ………………………………. some sugar, my mum would have made some cake. I traveled round the world because I won the lottery. I wouldn’t have traveled round the world if I ………………………………………… the lottery. We did not have enough money. We could not afford to eat in restaurants. If we ……………………………. enough money, we could have afforded to eat in restaurants. You were not prepared. You could not pass the exam. If you had been prepared, you ……………………………………………. the exam. I came back home late because I worked long hours. I would not have come back home late if I ………………………………………….. long hours. I was so young. I had no experience. If I …………………………………… so young, I would have had some experience. They did not go on holiday. They did not have any rest. If they had gone on holiday, they ……………………………… some rest. You did not know what to do. You did not listen to me. You would have known what to do if you ………………………………………. to me.
Đáp án:
If she had given me her phone number, I could have called her. If he had not been at work, he could have gone with us. If my dad had bought some sugar, my mum would have made some cake. I wouldn’t have traveled round the world if I had not won the lottery. If we had had enough money, we could have afforded to eat in restaurants. If you had been prepared, you could have passed the exam. I would not have come back home late if I had not worked long hours. If I had not been so young, I would have had some experience. If they had gone on holiday, they would have had some rest. You would have known what to do if you had listened to me.
2. Bài tập điền vào chỗ trống sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3
(Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets). I couldn’t help you because I was ill. If I …………………………………. ill, I …………………………………… you. (not fall | help) I didn’t apply for the job. Provided that I ……………………………………….. the position, I ………………………. to move to New York. (be offered | have)
I asked about the way. But if I …………………………….. the GPS, I ……………………………………… the place. (not have | not find) We were on the beach all day. But if we ………………………… in the shade, we ………………………………… . (keep | not get sunburnt) We didn’t see the film. Suppose our dad ……………………………………………. the football match, we ………. ………………………………….. the film. (not prefer | watch) She got up at 5 o’clock. She ………………………………………. the train if she ………………………………… later. (miss | get up) My new classmates were friendly. If my teachers …………………………………….. in a friendly manner too, I ……………………………………….. the new school. (behave | like) I never ate sushi in Japan. I was afraid that I …………………………………. sick if I ……………………………. it. (feel | try) You couldn’t believe Jill. If you ………………………. her a secret, she …………………………………….. it away. (tell | give) Did they want you to work overtime? They ……………………………………….. you to do it on condition that they ……………………………. you a bonus. (can ask | pay)
Đáp án:
I couldn’t help you because I was ill. If I had not fallen ill, I would have helped you. I didn’t apply for the job. Provided that I had been offered the position, I would have had to move to New York.
I asked about the way. But if I had not had the GPS, I would not have found the place. We were on the beach all day. But if we had kept in the shade, we would not have got sunburnt. We didn’t see the film. Suppose our dad had not prefered the football match, we would have watched the film. She got up at 5 o’clock. She would have missed the train if she had got up later. My new classmates were friendly. If my teachers had behaved in a friendly manner too, I would have liked the new school. I never ate sushi in Japan. I was afraid that I would have felt sick if I had tried it. You couldn’t believe Jill. If you had told her a secret, she would have given it away. Did they want you to work overtime? They could have asked you to do it on condition that they had paid you a bonus.
3. Bài tấp sữa lỗi sai trong câu, gạch chân và ghi lại câu trả lời đúng ở cột bên phải sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3
Ví dụ: If you had helped me, we would finish in time. would have finished
I couldn’t stay with you. I wouldn’t have left if I didn’t have the appointment. ________________ My sister didn’t want to marry Jim. If he had proposed to her, she would refuse. ________________ We couldn’t buy the house. But we would have done it if we had enough money. ________________ I didn’t catch a word.. If I had understood, I’d give them some advice. ________________ If he wasn’t the best player in the team, he wouldn’t have earned so much. ________________ Peter was furious. He wouldn’t lose his temper if he hadn’t done all the work on his own. ________________ The kitten didn’t want to leave the house. Otherwise it would have played in the garden if it didn’t rain cats and dogs. ________________ I didn’t know that he was at home. I would drop in if I had known it. ________________ They wouldn’t have traveled by ship if the authorities didn’t close the airport on the island. ________________ She was so pretty. If I were twenty years younger, I would have asked her to marry me. ________________
Đáp án:
– I couldn’t stay with you. I wouldn’t have left if I didn’t have the appointment. – hadn’t had – My sister didn’t want to marry Jim. If he had proposed to her, she would refuse. – would have refused – We couldn’t buy the house. But we would have done it if we had enough money. -had had – I didn’t catch a word.. If I had understood, I‘d give them some advice. – would have given – If he wasn’t the best player in the team, he wouldn’t have earned so much. – hadn’t been – Peter was furious. He wouldn’t lose his temper if he hadn’t done all the work on his own. – wouldn’t have lost – The kitten didn’t want to leave the house. Otherwise it would have played in the garden if it didn’t rain cats and dogs. – hadn’t rained – I didn’t know that he was at home. I would drop in if I had known it. would have dropped – They wouldn’t have traveled by ship if the authorities didn’t close the airport on the island. – hadn’t closed – She was so pretty. If I were twenty years younger, I would have asked her to marry me. – had been
4. Viết lại câu sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3
What birthday present would you have bought for me if you ……………………………………………. about it? □ have not forgotten □ had not forgotten Marion …………………………………………………………………. if you had told her the truth. □ would have been shocked □ would be shocked Suppose you had wanted to apply for the job, how ………………………………………………………………. it? □ would you have done □ you would have done I would have agreed with the contract on condition that I ……………………………………………. enough time to think it over. □ would have had □ had had If we ……………………………………….. the decision in time, we wouldn’t have missed the chance. □ would have made □ had made He would have worked on the project provided he ……………………………………… some funds. □ had raised □ would have raised If the trees had died, what ……………………………………………………… instead of them? □ had you planted □ would you have planted We would have rented the car on condition that it …………………………………… so expensive. □ wasn’t □ hadn’t been We would have ordered the new PC provided that they …………………………………………. it immediately. □ would have delivered □ had delivered If you had lent me the money, I …………………………………………….. it back to you the following week. □ had given □ would have given
Đáp án:
What birthday present would you have bought for me if you had not forgotten about it? Marion would have been shocked if you had told her the truth. Suppose you had wanted to apply for the job, how would you have done it? I would have agreed with the contract on condition that I had had enough time to think it over. If we had made the decision in time, we wouldn’t have missed the chance. He would have worked on the project provided he had raised some funds. If the trees had died, what would you have planted instead of them? We would have rented the car on condition that it hadn’t been so expensive. We would have ordered the new PC provided that they had delivered it immediately. If you had lent me the money, I would have given it back to you the following week.
5. Bài tập viết lại câu sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 3
Ví dụ: I would have played with you ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. help me | with the housework | you | if I would have played with you if you had helped me with the housework.
____________________________________________________________________ I wouldn’t have done it ………………………………………………………………… . not tell | if | you | me ……………………………………………………………………., we would have arrived on time. a taxi | take | suppose | we ……………………………………………………………. if you had known about it? to the party | you | come Tony would have managed to do it ……………………………………………………………….. . you | a chance | if | give him If you had met Marry at the disco, ………………………………………………………………….? ask her | you | for a dance We should have taken our camera ………………………………………………………………………………. . need | to take | we | some photos | in case …………………………………………………………………………….. if it had been cheaper? book | they | the holiday We would have agreed with the price ………………………………………………………………………………………… . include | it | on condition that | delivery Suppose he had started earlier, ……………………………………………………………………? the work | finish | he Would you have talked to Sue ……………………………………………………………………………………? she | so rude | not be | if
Đáp án:
I wouldn’t have done it if you hadn’t told me. Suppose we had taken a taxi, we would have arrived on time. Would you have come to the party, if you had known about it? Tony would have managed to do it if you had given him a chance. If you had met Marry at the disco, would you have asked her for a dance? We should have taken our camera in case we had needed to take some photos. Would they have booked the holiday if it had been cheaper? We would have agreed with the price on condition that it had included delivery. Suppose he had started earlier, would he have finished the work? Would you have talked to Sue if she had not been so rude?
Bài viết trên của chúng tôi với đã khái quát tất cả kiến thức liên quan cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3 – Công thức, cách dùng, bài tập áp dụng từ cơ bản đến nâng cao. Chúng tôi rất mong nhận được những đóng góp ý kiến quý báu từ quý thầy cô và các bạn học sinh sinh viên.